Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Free Online Research Papers Robert Louis Stevenson’s, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is probably one of the best known works to come out of the Victorian Era. This short novella griped the audiences of the late nineteenth century Britons, and its popularity has not wavered. You would be hard pressed to find an average person who does not know the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1894 Joseph Jacobs wrote that â€Å"it stands beside The Pilgrim’s Progress and Gulliver’s Travels as one of the three great allegories in English.† While this novella displays many of the values of the Victorian Era, it really anticipates twentieth century pessimism. It struck â€Å"an undeniable truth of human nature.† Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde captivated millions of people, while displaying many of the key morals, principles, and ethics of the Victorian Era; it echoed the controversial Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud. This story more relates to the modern gothic, than to traditional Victor ian Era literature. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a story seen from many different perspectives. It is about a doctor that has a split personality, split in the sense that within the same human lies good and evil. This story can be interpreted as examining the duality of human nature. Within everyone, there exists good and evil, and to deny this tension results in evil being cast upon our human nature. Dr. Jekyll is a man who has covered up a secret life full of very bad and cruel deeds. He feels as if he is constantly battling within himself between what is good and what is evil, and is pushing away people valued to him. â€Å"After drinking a potion of his own creation, Jekyll is transformed into the cruel, remorseless, evil Edward Hyde, representing the hidden side of Dr. Jekylls nature brought to the fore. Dr. Jekyll has many friends and has a friendly personality, but in the nature of Mr. Hyde, he becomes mysterious, violent, and secretive and as time goes by, Mr. Hyde grows in power. After taking th e potion repetitively, he no longer relies upon the potion to unleash his inner demon.† Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde represents a classic touchstone of Victorian sensibilities. This novella really embodies some of the most important values the Victorians had. Especially that the world, was one dominated by males. The Victorian Era, except for the monarch, was a male-centered era. Men had all the rights, privileges, and power in Victorian Britain. This story on moral behavior can best be seen from a male perspective. The lack of female characters or even the mention of a females name is non existent in this story. This peculiarity of this demonstrates the male dominance of the era. All of the central figures in the novella are gentlemen and professionals, they are doctors and lawyers. These figures embody what the era respected. The men are men of status, and the story would not have been as groundbreaking, had they been anything other than what they were. The importance of status was heavy during the Victorian Era, and this characteristic rings throughout the story. Mr. Utterson does not say anything to anyone when Dr. Jekyll gives him a very unique will. Utterson thinks that Dr. Jekyll is being blackmailed by Mr. Hyde, but will say nothing to not endanger his friend’s reputation. Utterson tries very hard throughout the novella to protect his friend’s reputation, living up to Victorian standards. Many times throughout the story, characters are silent and fail or refuse to express themselves. They seem to be unable to a horrifying observation, such as Mr. Hyde’s appearance, or they deliberately avoid certain conversations. The characters refusal to speak on certain topics reflects the values of the era. Reputation and decorum were held above all things and anything that would compromise those, whether true or not, needed to be repressed. The rigid structure of Victorian society plays a roll in the development of th e story. Victorian England feared what Mr. Hyde represented. He represented the qualities that Victorian’s were supposed to hate and dislike. â€Å"There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why.† This is Mr. Richard Enfield’s description of Mr. Hyde. Hyde is not beautiful, graceful, or elegant. He is rude, and unappealing to everyone who meets him. The idea that these qualities existed in everyone really personifies the opposite of Victorian optimism. At the end of the 1800’s, Britain had experienced intense social, economic, and spiritual change. Many new ideas were developing about economics, science, and the human psyche. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was a symbolic representation of the threat of these new ideas to the traditional Victorian. Through many political reforms, the working class had been given the right to vote. The working class started to show its power. The works of Karl Marx and his views on social class threatened upper class Briton’s standards. To some of the upper class, Mr. Hyde could represent this increasing political power of the working class. He was not a gentleman, or a man of status. He was unknown and new, as was the working class in politics. This comparison shows how, on a political level, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde challenges the ideas of Victorians. In the area of religion, the writings of Charles Darwin had started to shake the world. His ideas of â€Å"evolution† and â€Å"survival of the fittest† (though the terms were coined by other people) challenged the traditional religious views held by the Victorians. Mr. Hyde could be seen as the strong individual who would survive while Dr. Jekyll fell. This victory of evil over good would definitely be a new and radical idea that would scare many Victorians. Stevenson exploited man’s fear of being close to savage animals brought about by Darwin’s new ideas. He shows the descent of an intelligent, respected, and rational man, to the level of a dumb beast. Many times in the story, Mr. Hyde is likened to an ape, â€Å"And the next moment, with ape-like fury, [Hyde] was trampling his victim under foot and hailing down a storm of blows, under which the bones were audibly shattered.† The idea that men were related to apes was one that shattered their tr aditional views. Another new and radical thinker during this time was Sigmund Freud. His ideas about psychoanalysis and the subconscious are paramount in the story. Freud’s belief that human beings are powerfully influenced by impulses of which they are not aware can be seen in the story. Mr. Hyde could represent Dr. Jekyll’s subconscious desire to be freed from the boundaries this Victorian society has implemented on him. As Freud pointed out, the repression of the driving force of nature (Mr. Hyde) often leads to horrible, barbaric consequences. Many have compared Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to that of the modern gothic, like Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein. Dr Jekyll, not unlike Dr. Frankenstein, were men of science who attempted to discover more about the world and its people, become a prisoner of their creations. This comparison to the modern gothic novels pulls Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde further away from the typical Victorian side, and more towards the cynicism of the twentieth century. With the revelation of Dr. Jekyll’s letter at the end, Stevenson makes the readers reconsider what it is to be evil. Robert Louis Stevenson’s short novella, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, had lasting effects on the minds of Victorian society. Many values, morals, and principles of the era are apparent throughout the novel, especially those of male dominance and the importance of reputation. Stevenson was very aware of the new ideas about economy, society, and the human psyche, and used them in his story. The works of Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, and even Sigmund Freud can be seen as influences to Stevenson. This influence was also very apparent to the readers of his novella. These radical ideas drastically contradicted those of the normal and accepted. This story can be seen as a leader and groundbreaker for the modern gothic, as it has many similarities to such stories as Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. This tale is not so much and example of Victorian optimism because it truthfully anticipates twentieth century pessimism. Calder, Jenni. Robert Louis Stevenson A Life Study. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. Kiely, Robert. Robert Louis Stevenson and the Fiction of Adventure. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1964. Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. New York: Scribner, 1886. NovelGuide. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Available from novelguide.com/dr.jekyllandmr.hyde/themeanalysis.html. Internet; accessed 10 April 2009. Research Papers on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Importance of Human Skin Pigmentations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of Human Skin Pigmentations - Essay Example UVB is the short wave ultraviolet rays from the sun that are less dangerous than the short wavelength Ultraviolet rays known as the UVA. A UVB ray is absorbed at the surface of the skin and their intensity depends on the geographical area, time, and season. Vitamin D is responsible for absorption of calcium in our bodies for strong bones and teeth. Insufficient vitamin D causes brittle bones and rickets and people who have less exposure to the UVB rays from the sun must take vitamin D supplement. The skin is the largest organ and very important for the survival of human beings. Its protective nature to the other body organs and its pigmentation matters a lot in our health. Melanin is therefore very crucial for healthy individuals and where it lacks such as the people with albinism, medical attention is mandatory to prevent skin disorders and cancers. Skin pigmentation is very important in human bodies especially those living in hot regions such as the African continent. The main functions of melanin are the absorption of the ultraviolet rays from the sun that has a damaging effect by causing diseases such as the skin cancer. Light-skinned people have a problem in coping with the intense radiations from the sun as it causes a lot of damage to their skins. Inadequate melanin cannot absorb all the UVR rays from the sun especially when it is very hot leading to adverse effects such as premature aging, cancers, and vitamin D deficiency.

Discussions Replies Education Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussions Replies Education - Coursework Example Defend your choice. 1. Posted: by:  Margarett    Both art and culture have been the significant parts of earlier centuries. If we explore the association between arts and culture that existed in the 20th  century, we come to know that there had been a close connection between them. For example, artists of the 20th  century represented the overall culture of that century through their artworks. 20th  century is known as the beginning of today’s era of modernism. The artists of the 20th  century greatly revealed the elements of modernism, expressionism, and abstractions in their artworks. Moreover, the artists of the late 20thcentury also revealed through their artworks the need for change and peace that people wanted after the two big events of war that occurred in the first half of the century. In my view, the artist who best represented the social and cultural trends of his time period through his artworks was Pablo Picasso. He was a Spanish painter and sculptor w ho reinvented the foundations of art in the 20th  century through including the shadow of ongoing movements and overall environment in his artworks. My Response: Taking it a step further, it seems to me that the artists of the early 20th century were increasingly aware of the progression of art. What I mean is, the artists, although sometimes separated by continents appeared to be more aware and cognizant of what other artists were working on, what inspired them, the evolution of art during this time took much more rapid steps than say art a hundred years before. Obviously the industrial age and the beginning of the technological revolution had something to do with that – but one can’t help but wonder if art and culture were not even more closely connected with the artists of the 20th century than it had ever been before. 2. Posted by:  Andrea    Picasso is a great example. His art is so very different than the art of his predecessors.   In a sense, artists lik e him were taking big risks, departing from the norm! Class, what do you think it was that gave people the impetus to begin taking bigger risks in terms of art and music during this time?   My Response: Andrea, good point - Picasso definitely departed from the norm! However, art in the early 20th century was all about deviating from the norm and creating new ways of expression. Whereas art in past centuries had been more about gradually adopting new styles and mimicking the masters, art of the 20th century evolved at such a rapid and break neck pace that artists seemed to be doing all possible to express their own tastes and differentiate themselves. This collective attitude is what proved 20th century art to be so diverse and varied in such a short time scale. 3. Posted: by:  Dawna The other century ushered a new way of thinking into the art world.   With the world still recovering from the  atrocities of WWI, many artists reflected this in their style.   A new form of ar t was starting, the ism movement.   Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, and German Expressionism.   Pablo Picasso of course, was a huge figure in this movement, with his extreme style and use of colors.   Many people that were used to more traditional art found his style and type of art disturbing and confusing.   I feel the one artist that encapsulates the time though would have to be Ernest Hemingway.   His point of view writing styles of WWI and help express the feelings after the war and the feeling of loss that many felt.

Crisis Communication at Glaxo Smith Kline

Crisis Communication at Glaxo Smith Kline Corporate communication constitutes the totality of companys efforts to transmit a favourable image of its internal values onto key audiences. However, businesses best efforts to be perceived in superlatives only are often inhibited by dissemination of contradictory information. Crisis communication management allows the companies to respond to such allegations to diminish their detrimental impact on stakeholder relations. GlaxoSmithKline in communication with key stakeholders attempts to convey the ethos of seeking to improve peoples lives by providing cutting-edge medicines as well as engaging in extensive corporate social responsibility actions. However, communicates projected mainly via the website, mission statement, press releases and direct-to-consumer-advertising seems achieve the goal to an extent. GSKs image is often undermined by allegations of conduct contradicting its internal values. Avandia crisis has been the most prolonged and acknowledged to date. In response to Avandia safety allegations GSK adopted a strategy based on undermining the methodological bases of studies suggesting the drug malfunction, simultaneously downplaying the risk and denying putting peoples lives at danger. This approach has contributed to further losses. Perhaps GSK should consider surveying publics attitude before responding to future crises, and adopt more emphatic approach. Introduction This report investigates the crisis communication management as an element of corporate communication function at GlaxoSmithKline. In order to fulfil the aim assigned, the paper first defines the concept of corporate communication and crisis management, and looks at their importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Next, the report introduces GlaxoSmithKline, its target audiences, core message and communication media used to develop favourable image of the business and assesses whether emitted message achieves its aim. Subsequently, the paper focuses on Avandia crisis as an example of an image crunch and critically analyses GlaxoSmithKlines response. The paper finalises with a set of recommendations towards improvement of crisis communication management in the said company. Corporate communication, crisis management and Big Pharma Corporate communication constitutes the totality of messages issued by the company to its stakeholders to transmit the organisations values and qualities that distinct it from competitors (Gray Balmer, 1998). The function holds responsibility for ensuring integrated coordination of all communication activities undertaken via communication means borderline of public relations and marketing communication (Cornelissen, 2008). The ultimate goal of the function is to develop a positive association between companys identity, and image of it held by the audiences, therefore generating sustained favourable reputation of the business (Cornelissen, 2008). Positive reputation is a source of competitive advantage (Fill Dimopoulou, 1999; Gray Balmer, 1998) and can aid the organization in achievement of strategic goals (Argenti et al., 2005) by supporting it in retaining committed employees and reinforcing positive buyer habits by enhancing perception of the quality of the brands endorsed (Smith, 1994). However, organisations best efforts to develop and maintain positive image in the eyes of contractual and community stakeholders are often eroded by dissemination of information suggesting a conflict between the values the organisation aspires to stand for and its actions, therefore creating and image crisis. Crisis communication management is an important element of corporate communication function enabling the business to respond to such revelations in a manner allowing offsetting their detrimental impact on public perception of companys standards (Fearn-Banks, 2002). Pharmaceutical companies commonly experience such challenges to their reputation, mainly in the form of accusations of malpractice (Pines, 2009) and unethical portrayals in media and culture (Parker, 2007). The presence of Internet allows otherwise marginal societal groups, e.g. NGOs, to gain access to plethora of information beyond organisations control and to exercise substantial pressure on the pharmaceutical companies (Little Grieco, 2010) holding them to account on fulfilment of the assumed moral obligation to provide safe and affordable medicines (Lee Kohler, 2010). Furthermore, Internet fosters for treatment of information as fast-tradable commodity, often leading to rapid image crisis escalation exacerbating damage to profits. Moreover, the consumer stages of the product life cycle of pharmaceutical merchandise are relatively short due to patent durability constraints (Gray Balmer, 1998) leaving the companies little time to recuperate the image in case of a crisis. Consequently, effective crisis management aimed at preventing further reputation deterioration and restoring credibility in the brand name to develop favourable conditions for new product launches (Smith, 1994) is Big Pharmas biggest concern. Corporate communication at GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the five top research-based pharmaceutical companies worldwide, capturing 7% of the total market, with US and Europe as the main sales-generating regions. The organisation operates in two dominant sectors: pharmaceutical and health-related products. GlaxoSmithKline is a conglomerate entity with origins in the UK, USA and New Zealand, with the present structure effective of mergers of SmithKline Beecham and GlaxoWellcome in 2000 (GSK, 2010a). Key audiences Due to varied product portfolio including prescription and self-medications as well as healthcare products, the company considers patients as participating consumers rather than end users of the merchandise. This is motivated by the pervasiveness of consumerism in the patient-medical practitioner relationship (DTC Report, 2005) and emergence of consumers actively researching information online on treatment options available (Little Grieco, 2010), rather than relying solely on the medical intermediary. The individual consumer group is particularly influential in the US market due to direct-to-consumer advertising permit. Other audiences recognised by GSK include as key to communication include (GSK, 2010b): Medical practitioners Government and regulatory bodies Stockholders and prospective investors NGOs Employe Communication objectives We have a challenging and inspiring mission to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. (GSK, 2010c) The end objective of GlaxoSmithKlines communication is to transmit the information on companys identity conveyed in the mission statement and Spirit of GSK values of respect for people, patient focus, integrity, and transparency (GSK, 2010c) to create and maintain positive image of the business counterbalancing common unfavourable perceptions of the company. Simultaneous communication goals include generating product awareness, informing the stakeholders on companys financial tenure, and developing brand and corporate image to generate sales (Smith, 1991). Considering the nature of GSKs business and heavy regulatory burden significant part of the product communication is devoted to the informative imperative. Organisation of corporate communication function To communicate the values constituting the centre of companys identity to key audiences in distinctive manner, however maintaining overall integrity of the communicate (Argenti et al., 2005) GlaxoSmithKline divides the function into operational units overseen by the Board, reflecting key stakeholder groups (GSK, 2010b): employees (internal communication) media NGOs investors The media unit is responsible for crisis management. Additionally, the company devotes one division to managing dissemination of information on CSR activities, which suggests companys realisation of the social responsibilitys potential to add value to the businesss reputation (Adams Zutshi2004). Key communication means Website Prominence of consumers actively searching information online on products and ethical standards of their providers enables GSK to use the website to disseminate favourable message in a fully controlled environment (Sones et al., 2009). GSKs website serves the threefold purpose of: informing and educating the consumer by providing product info boosting companys image by addressing transparency imperative through online trial database and financial reports availability airing companys efforts to bring the mission statement to life via CSR The website constitutes the most all-embracing communication tool in transmitting companys identity onto the public by developing trust in external stakeholders, as well as fostering for increased commitment and loyalty on employees part (Morsing, 2006). Mission statement and Spirit of GSK projecting companys persona in the aspects of strategy, philosophy, values and behaviours in reference to broad, objective and culturally un-constrained values of diminishing social costs and emphasizing transparency and integrity. Directed at both external and internal stakeholders to contradict the negative conception of GSK, and foster for publics affinity, and frame employee behaviour (Hackley, 1998). CSR reporting constitutes the axis of GSKs website (Sones et al., 2009). The company provides extensive data on its actions towards offsetting social costs, aiding struggle against life-threatening diseases, as well as investments in society, maintaining strong bond with the essence of the mission statement, simultaneously extending it to preserving peoples habitat Press releases are applied to communicate with media journalists and investors, serving the purpose of quick dissemination of vital positive information, or rapid response to issues and crises arising (see GSK press releases) Direct-to-consumer advertising GSK extensively applies direct-to-consumer advertising within the US market, taking the lead among Big Pharma in marketing expenditure. The company targets consumers in the American market by newspaper and magazine adverts featuring experts and members of independent bodies emphasising product credibility (FiercePharma, 2008). Similar technique is applied to OTC medicines and healthcare products, e.g. Sensodyne toothpaste campaign featuring dentists, as direct-to-consumer advertising is prohibited within EU. Communication effectiveness: corporate image maintenance GlaxoSmithKline is currently ranked 108 in the most-trusted companies classification (Reputation Institutue, 2009). Remaining ahead of some of its competitors, which suggests effectiveness of the identity dissemination, GSK attracts contradictory publicity effectively equalising its reputation to the industry average. The most widely acknowledged image crises experienced by GSK include: Accusations of animal testing Profiteering from sales of overpriced patent-protected HIV/AIDS medication Safety concerns: Seroxat/Paxil, Avandia Failure to adhere to production quality standards Avandia safety crisis is the most prominent and long-lasting issue experienced by GSK to date. Avandia crisis The case In May 2007 an article in medical journal revealed that GSKs blockbuster drug, Avandia, originally devised to lower blood sugar levels and reduce the risks of diabetic patients developing a secondary heart problem severely increases the risk of heart failure and attack. The negative side effects have been linked to deaths among the patients on the medication. Nevertheless, the drug remained on the market until conclusive data be gathered on the basis of longitudinal RECORD study; nevertheless additional usage constrains were issued by the regulators. In 2009 RECORD study and leaked staff e-mails suggested that GSK knew of potentially lethal side effects of Avandia, and might have knowingly bias pre-approval study results to conceal the dangers. This gave rise to second revision of the safety profile of the drug. In 2010, the crisis reached the third peak with US Senate Commission investigation, EU drug regulatory body withdrawing Avandia from marketing, and BBC Panorama broadcast reviving the issue in European media. However, Avandia remains on US market, again with restrictions towards its use. (Lofstedt, 2010) GlaxoSmithKlines response To manage the crisis GSK employed an integrated strategy based on distancing itself from the accusations by undermining the methodologies and statistical significance of the study findings suggesting Avandias side effects. The complexity of the disease, challenge it creates in treatment and economic savings to the public health system, as well as comparability of alleged Avandia risks to other diabetes drugs were attended to throughout. GSK also challenged the impartiality of medical periodicals publicising unfavourable results. To date GSK consequently opposes to agree with the notion of its own error and deceptive practices, repeatedly referring to studies depicting favourable results (see GSK press releases). In its appeals to investors and media through press releases largely constituting responses to allegations or pre-emptive statements, GSK emphasized compliance with regulatory requirements, openness in communication and data disclosure, as well as focus on patients safety as the priority, therefore reassuring the stakeholders on the appropriateness of a chosen course of action and lack of error (see GSK press releases). Appeals to patients and members of general public where handled through the website, with Avandia resource centre section aimed at providing information on the drug. Additionally, at the wake of the crisis the company has issued a printed letter-styled advertising copy in the newspapers, with message from the chief medical officer reassuring the public on Avandias safety and encouraging patients not to withdraw the treatment without prior consultation (TargetMarketNews, 2007). However, the attempt to pre-empt negative response and ensure consumer trust by recalling expert authority of GSK was limited to US market only, due to prohibition of direct-to-consumer advertising in Europe. Within EU the company has used the website to appeal to practitioners, only addressing the patients following Avandia recall via video message from the Chief Medical Officer (GSK Europe, 2010) Effectiveness of adopted approach In its crisis management approach, GSK failed to appreciate the context of the crisis and misjudged certain stakeholder groups perceptions of responsibility and blame, consequently adopting inappropriate response strategy (Cornelissen, 2008). This evoked consequences in the form of (Lofstedt et al., , 2009): 8% share price drop following the crisis outbreak 60% prescription rate decrease in the first 6 months following the accusatory article 50% of diabetes patients failing to switch from Avandia to any other drug following the public anxiety outbreak in the US Potential compensation expenses of 1.6$ billion extending beyond patent expiry in 2012 GSK failed to account for the publics distrust towards the Big Pharma and regulators following the infamous Vioxx case in 2004, where the drug has been voluntarily recalled by the manufacturer following comparable safety concerns. The regulatory crisis transferred trust mandate to independent researchers, therefore assigning credibility to Dr Nissens research on Avandia (Lofstedt, 2010). Additionally GSKs public image has not yet recuperated from the detrimental impacts of concerns surrounding Seroxat linking the drug to increased tendencies in teenagers to self-harm and have suicidal thoughts (BBC, 2002). Given such circumstances, the response based on reference to GSKs expert authority and credibility failed due to the public perceiving the company as the one to blame (Cornelissen, 2008). GSK seems to have erred in noticing a strong emotional baggage associated with raised concerns. Public is vigilant to allegations on medicines possibly causing death and health damage, as this puts peoples lives at stake, and life is a value to the public (Parker, 2007). Concern for peoples safety combined with factors identified before, inhibited the recovery potential of GSKs assertions that patient wellbeing is their prime concern, consequently leading to loss of patient affinity. In similar vein, GSK erred in its crisis communication approach with medical practitioners, which is projected in significant slump in Avandia prescription rates shortly after the crisis outbreak. This suggests that medical practitioners made up their mind regardless of GSK consequently reinforcing message on Avandia safety. GSK has also failed to notice an important stakeholder to the crisis management relationship: consumer groups. Following the allegations a number of websites such as avandiarecallnews.com emerged projecting ex-patients and family members testimonials on Avandia, as well as reporting mounting lawsuits and providing support in filing a case (Avandiarecallnews, 2010). This significantly offset GSKs attempts to marginalise the scale of issue and its severity. Recommendations It is justifiable to assume that the current and future profit losses and still non-quantified detriment to the brand name, could have been mitigated had the company tap into stakeholders needs with the crisis response. Given the commonness of image crises in Big Pharma, it is permissible to say that accusations of conduct contradictory to the mission statement recur. Provided similarity of contextual factors, GSK should consider the following as improvements to crisis communication management: Consider surveying key stakeholder groups perceptions of the responsibility for a given crisis matter before giving a statement that is difficult to withdraw. This allows devising complimentary communication strategy, reducing the potential of public defiance. Consequently, should the public blame the company perhaps admit the error and apologise (Cornelissen, 2008). Consider JohnsonJohnsons response to Tylenol crisis as an example. Perhaps rely more on video messages from board members to address the stakeholders. This allows for more personal approach and permits to transmit strong message on companys involvement and effort to solve the issue. Consider Toyota crisis as an example. Accordingly, increase spokespeoples presence on the media. This fosters for the publics perception of the company as adopting open and frank communication approach (Fearn-Banks, 2002). Address other stakeholder groups more forcefully. Possibly intensify communication efforts with medical practitioners through symposia and representatives visits to reassure favourable relationship (Pines, 2009). Issue press releases aimed at informing NGOs on actions taken to resolve the issue and recall CSR efforts to gain publics favourable attention, thereof reducing the crisis to a single mishap in a series of positive actions (Parker, 2007). Reference section Adams, C., and Zutshi,A. 2004. CSR: Why Business Should Act Responsibly and Be Accountable? Australian Accounting Review. 14 (3) pp.31-39 Argenti, P.A., Howell, R.A., and Beck, K.A. 2005. The Strategic Communication Imperative. MITSloan Management Review. 46 (3). Pp.82-89 AvandiaRecallNews. 2010. Home Page. [online] Available at: http://avandiarecallnews.com/ Accessed: 16 December 2010 BBC. 2002. Patients May Sue Over Anti-depressant. [online]. Updated: 13 June 2002. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2041430.stm Accessed: 16 December 2010 Cornelissen, J. 2008. Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice. London: Sage DTC Report. Internet is the Key to Integrated DTC: Study. Medical Marketing and Media.[online] Available at: Accessed: 16 December 2010 Fearn-Banks, K. 2002. Crisis Communications: A Case Book Approach. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum [e-book] Available at:http://books.google.pl/books?id=7GU4BVS-a2sCpg=PA59dq=fearn-bankshl=plei=M0MKTbqAH4XOswbqhpWxCgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false Accessed: 16 December 2010 FiercePharma. 2008. Big Pharmas Top 13 Advertising Budgets. [online]. Updated 24 September 2008 Available at: http://www.fiercepharma.com/special-reports/top-13-advertising-budgets Accessed: 16 December 2010 Gray, E.R., and Balmer, M.T. 1998. Managing Corporate Image and Corporate Reputation. Long Range Planning. 31 (5). Pp.695-702 GSK. 2010a. About Us. [online] Available at: http://www.gsk.com/about/index.htm Accessed: 16 December 2010 GSK, 2010b. Roles at GSK: Communication. [online] Available at: http://us.gsk.com/html/career/career-roles-communications.html Accessed: 16 December 2010 GSK.2010c. Culture and Values [online] Available at: http://www.gsk.com/careers/culture-values.htm Accessed: 16 December 2010 GSK Europe. 2010. Health GSK News: Avandia Information for Patients. [online] Updated 23 September 2010 Available at: http://public.gsk.com/news/138494/ Accessed: 16 December 2010 Hackley, CH. 1998. Mission Statements as Corporate Communciations: the Consequences of Social Constructorionism. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 3(3). Pp.92-98 Lee, M., and Kohler, J. 2010. Benchmarking and Transparency: Incentives for the Pharmaceutical Industrys Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics. 95. Pp. 641-658 Little, S., and Grieco, M. 2010. Big Pharma, social movements, international labour, and the Internet: Critical Perspectives on Coordination. Labour History. 51 (1). Pp. 71-86 Lofstedt, R. 2010. Risk Communication: the Avandia Case, a Pilot Study. Expert Reviews: Clinical Pharmacology. 3(1). Pp. 31-41 Lofstedt, R., Bouder, F., Warman, J., and Chakraborty, S. 2009. The Changing Nature of Communication and Regulation of Risk in Europe. Risk and Regulation Advisory Council Report. Morsing, M. 2006. CSR as Strategic Auto-communication: on the Role of External Stakeholders for Member Identification. Business Ethics: A European Review. 15(2). Pp. 171-182 Parker, J. 2007. The Reputation, Image and Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Regaining Credibility. Journal of Medical Marketing. 7. Pp. 309-313 Pines, W. L. 2009. Pharmaceutical Physicians and Crisis Management. Pharmaceutical Medicine. 23 (1). Pp.7-10 Reputation Institute. 2009. The Worlds Most Reputable Companies, 2009. [online] Available at: http://www.corporatereputation.it/idee/docs/Global_Pulse_2009_Free_Global_Report.pdf Accessed: 16 December 2010 Smith, P.R. 1991. Pharmaceutical Marketing: Strategy and Cases. Pharmaceutical Products Press. in Fill, Ch., and Dimopoulou, E. 1999. Shaping Corporate Images: Attributes Used to Form Impressions of Pharmaceutical Companies. Corporate Reputation Review. 2 (3). Pp. 202-213 Smith, P.R. 1994. Marketing Communications: an Integrated Approach. London: Kogan Page in Fill, Ch., and Dimopoulou, E. 1999. Shaping Corporate Images: Attributes Used to Form Impressions of Pharmaceutical Companies. Corporate Reputation Review. 2 (3). Pp. 202-213 Sones, M., Grantham, S., and Vieira, E.T. 2009. Communicating CSR via Pharmaceutical Company Web Sites. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 14 (2). Pp. 144-157 TargetMarketNews. 2007. GlaxoSmithKlines Niche Marketing Strategy for Diabetes Drug under Stress. [online] Updated 6 June 2007. Available at: http://www.targetmarketnews.com/storyid06060701.htm Accessed: 16 December 2010

First Confession Essay examples -- essays research papers

Mrs. Ryan and the Priest In Frank O’Connor’s story â€Å"First Confession†, Mrs. Ryan and the priest are different. Mrs. Ryan and the priest approach Jackie differently and have different affects on him. Mrs. Ryan makes Jackie feel like a sinner in her approach to him. She teaches him how to examine his heart by asking himself a few questions, â€Å"Did we take the name of the Lord, our God in Vain? Did we honor our father and mother? Did we love our neighbors as ourselves? Did we covet our neighbors goods?†(614). This made Jackie feel like he is a sinner because he feels that he was not honoring his grandmother and feels that he coveted Nora’s penny she got every week from their grandmother. Mrs. Ryan affects Jackie by making him feel that confession is scary. After telling her story about the ma...

Arthur Miller wrote the play Essay

What Miller does do to excellent effect is keep the pace of the plot speeding along and twisting in different directions all the time, at one time the focal point is on Danforth and his control of the court, then at another it is Abigail and the girls feigning that Mary Warren’s spirit has possessed them. Throughout this extract he keeps the dramatic effect by having many different plot lines run into each other at this point; Proctor’s attempt to save Elizabeth, Mary Warren’s declaration that the girls are putting on a show and Abigail Williams’ and the girls dramatic role-play claiming Mary Warren is sending her spirit out on them. All of these plot lines are intertwined in the court room scene and are exposed in John Proctor’s announcement that he is guilty of lechery. Some of the central themes and concerns in The Crucible are evident in this extract intolerance, being a society run strictly by a theocracy means that Salem is run by strict laws and religion. Any wavering outside these rules or religious thoughts is unacceptable. Danforth is intolerant when listening to Proctor and Giles Corey’s attempted reasoning and proposals. Salem at this time was intolerant of any un-natural endeavours, just as America in the 1950’s was intolerant of any un-American activities or communists. Acts of search and arrest became known as McCarthyism, led by Senator John McCarthy. Hanging those who were accused was seen as restoring purity to the theocracy in Salem. Another recurring theme in The Crucible is that of personal reputation. In this extract Proctor seeks to keep his name from being tarnished by giving testament against Abigail claiming that she is delivering her accusations through jealousy of his wife Elizabeth, and by announcing that he has committed adultery through his affair with Abigail. Reverend Parris acts only on what he thinks is best for his reputation throughout the whole play, particularly in this extract when he lies about seeing the girls naked dancing in the woods, â€Å"I do not deny they danced, but I never saw any of them naked†. Parris lies in order to keep his reputation, for if it were released that he had found his daughter and many other girls dancing naked in the woods and ‘compacting with the devil’ then he would be driven from his office as the reverend of Salem. Judges Danforth and Hathorne are both unwilling to accept that Proctor is innocent and do not want to admit to being deceived by a bunch of girls claiming witchcraft and are therefore forced to charge John Proctor to keep their own reputations, making the interrogation partial towards the young girls and unfair on Proctor. The other central theme of the play is the role that hysteria can play in societies. The lies by Abigail all the way through the play and particularly in this extract easily manipulate the judges and the residents of Salem to turn against the accused which ultimately leads to their executions. Miller has linked this hysterical theme to the McCarthyism period in which he lived in the 1950’s, the hysteria led by Senator Joseph McCarthy and his hunt for communists and communist sympathisers in post WWII America and during the Cold War. Miller seems to have based his character Judge Danforth on the individual Senator Joseph McCarthy: both are over-seeing the hysteria of the communities and are leading the search for the accused and presiding over their trials.

Rates of Reaction Example Problem

This example problem demonstrates how to use reaction rates to determine the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation. Problem The following reaction is observed:2A bB → cC dDAs the reaction progressed, the concentrations changed by these ratesrateA 0.050 mol/LÂ ·srateB 0.150 mol/LÂ ·srateC 0.075 mol/LÂ ·srateD 0.025 mol/LÂ ·sWhat are the values for the coefficients b, c, and d? Solution Chemical reaction rates measure the change in concentration of the substance per unit time.The coefficient of the chemical equation shows the whole number ratio of materials needed or products produced by the reaction. This means they also show the relative reaction rates.Step 1:Â  Find brateB/rateA b/coefficient of Ab coefficient of A x rateB/rateAb 2 x 0.150/0.050b 2 x 3b 6For every 2 moles of A, 6 moles of B are needed to complete the reactionStep 2:Â  Find crateB/rateA c/coefficient of Ac coefficient of A x rateC/rateAc 2 x 0.075/0.050c 2 x 1.5c 3For every 2 moles of A, 3 moles of C are producedStep 3:Â  Find drateD/rateA c/coefficient of Ad coefficient of A x rateD/rateAd 2 x 0.025/0.050d 2 x 0.5d 1For every 2 moles of A, 1 mole of D is produced Answer The missing coefficients for the 2A bB → cC dD reaction are b6, c3, and d1.The balanced equation is 2A 6B → 3C D