Maslow s Theory Of Self Actualization - 1221 Words

According to the Greenwood Dictionary of Education (2011), Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, believed that everyone has a need for self-actualization, to develop an individual’s full potential by maximizing his/her talents and abilities. Maslow proposed that human needs are categorized in a hierarchy into the following requirements (from basic to complex and/or advanced needs): physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and then self-actualization (Maslow, 2006). The hierarchy is often projected as a pyramid figure, with basic needs at the bottom, and more complex needs at the top. According to Atkins (2001), people must achieve lower needs before they attempt to fulfill higher and more advanced ones (p. 1396). Self-actualization is a concept experienced from adolescence to emerging adulthood. It is motivated by the individual’s innate determination for growth (Schnitker Emmons, 2013, p. 2127). According to Arnett (2007) from age 18 to 25, emerging adu lts are often miserable with anxiety and unhappiness, entering a dark period in their lives (p. 24). They also experience an identity crisis where individuals face difficulties in assessing their interests and abilities, using that knowledge and experience to review possible futures, and eventually making enduring decisions in work and love (Arnett, 2007, p. 24). From adolescence to emerging adulthood, individuals are constantly building and learning about their identities, enduring responsibilities, lifeShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Theory Of Self Actualization772 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: The theory of self-actualization was introduced by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow s famous work â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† has drawn admiration and criticisms from supporters and opponents alike. For Maslow, man quest for self-actualization falls within five hierarchical orders set up in a pyramid style. To become everything that one is capable of becoming, Maslow, noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow the standard progression. FurtherRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of Self Actualization Essay2048 Words   |  9 PagesAbraham Maslow theorized the concept of self-actualization which is the term used to describe the state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way. Maslow’s theory includes sublevels that must be achieved before reaching self-actualization. In this paper, I will explain how each of his previous levels have affected my life, and give an idea of when I may hope to achieve self-actualization. Self-actualization is the term that Abraham Maslow used toRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of Self Actualization1824 Words   |  8 PagesMaslow Abraham H. Maslow, an American psychologist who explores the complexities of human nature in his theoretical piece, The Farther Reaches of Human Nature, examines the theory of self-actualization. This theory, which focuses on experiencing completely, evocatively and selflessly while maintaining full focus and absorption, is practiced to become the best version of oneself and undergo transcendence (44). Maslow’s ideals are influential and implemented by James Arthur Baldwin. Baldwin, a civilRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Theory Of Self Actualization901 Words   |  4 Pagesman named Abraham Maslow. Maslow was an American psychologist who developed a pyramidal hierarchy of needs. At the base of his pyramid, Abraham Maslow placed the basic â€Å"physiological needs† such as: food, water, and sleep. The next layer of his pyramid was â€Å"safety†, which was followed by â€Å"love/belonging†, and then â€Å"esteem†. Although, my interest truly began when I reached the very top of the pyramid which was labeled â€Å"self-actualization†. Self-actualization was the term Maslow used to describeRead MoreMaslow s Theories Of The Hierarchy Of Basic Human Needs And Self Actualization Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagesglobally representative. This survey had the objective of confirming or dismissing Maslow’s famous theories of the hierarchy of basic human needs and self-actualization. Maslow’s theory, whether one believes it or not, is still a theory that is debated by psychologists. This article argues that Maslow’s theory features many flaws, such as its fuzziness when it came the main concept of self-actualization and stipulate that the main disagreement reported towards it by psychologists is the fact that itRead MoreHumanistic Theories Debate On Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers1617 Words   |  7 PagesHumanistic Theories Debate Team B – Anthony Garcia, Becky Billison, Cher Keen, Britanie McKernan, Megan Groulx PSY/310 September 7, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine â€Æ' Humanistic Theories Debate In the debate between Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both whom are humanistic theorists that share a mutual interest in the teachings of self-actualization, will discuss the specifics of their individual theories regarding the main points, their contributions, and the criticism they have received about their theories. We willRead MoreKurt Maslow s Concept Of Self Actualization1115 Words   |  5 PagesRogers self-actualization theory continues to have significant influence in contemporary psychology. Both Maslow and Rogers discussed the concept of self-actualization in their theories. Though there is some overlap, there are some significant differences in the way they use this term. In this assignment you are to compare and contrast their views on self-actualization. Answer the following questions: 1. Briefly describe Maslow’s concept of self-actualization Abraham Maslow s concept of self-actualizationRead MoreA Nursing Practice Theory : Unifying Holistic Approach Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesA Nursing Practice Theory: Unifying Holistic Approach Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Influences of Theory and Theorist It is undeniable that Maslow is one of the most famous and influential psychologists, whose theory is a base for various motivation theories. Maslow`s Hierarchy of Needs theory explains the drives and the urges that govern human behavior. However, there were many other famous psychologists influencing Maslow during his lifetime; indeed, this fact greatly shaped his professional stanceRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Influence On The Human Psyche1660 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Maslow. He is cited as one of the top ten psychologists of all time, which is not an easy task to achieve. Abraham Maslow was born on April 1 in 1908 in Brooklyn New York. He comes from a Jewish background with his parents coming from Russia as immigrants to the United States of America. Maslow’s childhood was not a good or easy one as one would think of such a successful person. His father and mother more times than not often ill treated him, which led to his poor self esteem. Maslow oftenRead MorePsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays an important role in the new era of positive psychology. Positive psychology today, emphasizes that personal strengths and their contribution to an individual well-being

What Is Transitioning The Analytical Project To Operations

After the final model review meeting with stakeholders, closing down the project and transitioning to operations begins. The first step in transitioning the analytical project to operations is to create a guidebook of the model outputs for business users (Alt-Simmons, 2016). The document should explain: the work that has been completed; the data sources used; data definitions/metadata on the data; commentary on the data quality; the model development; limitations of the model; model output; appropriate applications; and usability of the model. The guidebook should be written in plain language so that both technical and business employees can comprehend the information. During the development of the predictive model, many disparate data†¦show more content†¦A review of any significant issues discovered with the company data would be covered as well. Any change management issues that may arise due to the operationalization of the model will be included so action items for the relevant leaders can begin. The project manager or project sponsor may show summary slides from the various milestone project meetings that occurred during the project. This is not a repeat of those meetings; just highlights to refresh attendees’ memories. At the close of this session, it should be evident the project is complete. The second part of the meeting deals with lessons learned during the project. The project team had bi-weekly lessons learned meetings throughout the project, and those learnings were cumulative on the project effectiveness. The final project team meeting reviewed all the lessons learned and ranked the most significant improvements and most successful processes. Those will not be rehashed in this meeting. This lessons-learned session will focus on the perspective of the stakeholders, those outside the core team. The core project team members have a good understanding of how the team functioned during this project, but they need to receive feedback from the stakeholders. The professional facilitator will ensure that commentary is directed around improving processes or products. The facilitator will pivot theShow MoreRelatedDefining The Company s Distinctive Capability Essay1980 Words   |  8 PagesDefining the company’s distinctive capability is the first of the four p illars. The distinctive capability of ECA has been defined as being the low-cost operator. The low-cost advantage is what the analytics within the organization support. ECA has the ability to drill and produce their wells at the lowest cost among the competition. This ability is highly supported by the use of analytics and provides continuous opportunities to focus on measures that will drive the organization’s cost down. 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At its most basic level, ERP software integrates these various functions into one complete system to streamline processes and information across the entire organization† (What is ERP?). Businesses will often seek out an ERP software solution to help find specific inefficiencies or complex issues exist in their business processesRead MoreApplication Architecture, Service Oriented Architecture1798 Words   |  8 PagesOffice of Organizational Policy and Governance, within the office of Chief Information Officer, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), I.... The USPTO consists of 15K employees and 3 billion annual budget. The CIO office is a 700 million dollar IT operations with over 1000 personnel that consists of a mix of 500 federal and 500 contractors. USPTO is one a very few federal agencies that develops its own applications in house and spends roughly 230 million a year in application development. 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Gender Discrimination And Inequality Health -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Gender Discrimination And Inequality Health? Answer: Introduction In the current external environment, the policies of the human resource management keep on fluctuating due to which the human resource department of the companies also needs to develop their policies accordingly. So, the purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview of the gender inequality issue faced different companies all around the world. The report examines the news article posted by Human Resource Director. Gender inequality issue is widely seen in organizations nowadays. Irrespective of industries, this issue has been a part of all organizations. This issue is specifically faced because the female employees of the company are not paid sufficient according to the requirement of their work (Hacker, 2017). They are always paid less as compared to male, even if the work profile is same. This is a serious concern for companies as this aspect give rise to discrimination between male and female in the whole country. Further, it shall be noted that many studies claim that many organizations have given rise to gender inequality in the business culture; also now females feel insecure while working in an organization due to prevalence of such activities. The below mentioned task discusses the role of strategic human resource management in analyzing and evaluating the gender inequality issue. It also discusses the current environmental situation and the recommendation to solve the issue (Hilton, 2017). More details about the task are discussed below: Problem of Gender Inequality Female employees worldwide are facing the issue of gender inequality. As the females do not receive equal pay according to the male due to which they feel discriminated in the environment and leave the job. The human resource department of the company also does not treat the female worker equally if compared to male. The department of the company does not promote them in the senior position as well. Further according to the Human Resource Director report 2016-2017, the Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA) explained that large numbers of companies are implementing understanding the need of the era to address the gender inequality issue and initiate corrective measures according to it. The director of WEGA mentioned in their comments that more than four million employees and eleven thousand employees are concerned for the issue of discrimination (WGEA 2017). But even after taking various measure to solve the issue, there is still presence of such problem in Australia. In the current scenario, there is gender gap of 15.3% in Australia and the male employees are still earning more than the female employees. The human resource departments of organizations are considering it as an important issue and they are implementing the policies in their system to remove inequality. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) refers to the process of removing the discrimination from race, religion, gender, or age in the society. The Australian bill passed in the year 2012 stated that there should be equal opportunity for men and women in the workplace. The workplace amendment bill aimed to improve the workplace environment for women and provide equal pay to them as well (Hirsh, 2014). The HR department of the company aims to take the responsibility of effectively managing the workforce. They aim to reduce the issues faced by employees in the organization, manage diversity properly and initiate equality among men and women at the workplace. The Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency holds the responsibility of gaining data from different sources and implementing policies to stop the discriminatio n against women in the Australian companies (Barak, 2016). Further, it shall be noted that this issue of gender inequality with women is present in the whole world, even after taking several initiatives by government it is becoming difficult for the organizations to reduce or minimize this problem. In current nosiness environment, the HR managers understand the requirement of equality between number of male and females in an organization, so with respect to that, they implement policies and procedure to correct the ratio (Kirton, Greene, 2015). But, their initiative seems to be inefficient as the structure of the organizations and issues are not changing at all. Discrimination has now become a major problem because even after taking several measures, the organizations are unable to reduce its effect. So, various policies can be implemented in the culture of the workplace to resolve the issue (Benschop, Holgersson, Van den Brink, Wahl, 2015). Current Environment In earlier times it was considered that the higher section of the society (men) will go to work and the weaker section of the society (women) will stay at home only. There were definite duties for both the sections of the society; men were considered to earn money whereas women were considered to perform household chores only. But in today's era, women have proven that they are equal to men in every field, but even after proving themselves in every possible industry women are still treated as the weaker section of the society. Although the awareness of this issue is spreading in whole environment and the organization is accepting it as their corporate social responsibility. It is the responsibility of the organization to initiate equality among male and female so as to create a good workplace culture (Stainback, Kleiner, Skaggs, 2016). Further, it shall also be noted that many initiatives are being led by the governments of different countries so as to raise their level of number of women employed in the country. The government is changing the mindset of the people of the countries. The major aim of the government is to change the thinking of the people and make them understand that women are no less than men in any field. In organizations, the HR departments understand the depth of the issue and are implementing various reforms as well (Hesmondhalgh, Baker, 2015). This is becoming a difficult task to manage because; in earlier time the HR department only demoted the women. They never considered women fit for the top level management job due they never provide the opportunity to move above men. Also one of the reasons for occurrence of this issue is the failure of the HR department to address it as a major concern. Much big organization is also a part of this problem like, in Uber, it has been noticed that the male staff of the company does not treat the female staff appropriately. But now, the companies are critically examining the issue and aiming to take responsibility for this problem as well (Abendroth, Melzer, Kalev, Tomaskovic-Devey, 2017). Inefficiency of HR Department The HR executives have failed to fulfill their moral obligation that is to initiate gender equality among men and women, they were unable to address the issue which gave rise to the inequality in the market. The human resource management of the company should be held responsible as they did not implement such policies which can prevent such actions in the internal as well as external market (Strachan, Adikaram, Kailasapathy, 2015). Inefficient HRM policies increased the issue for the women in the society as they were being sexually harassed, paid less and discriminate at the workplace but no such norms were formed to address this issue and take corrective measures in the environment as well. Further, it shall be noted that an organization can successfully run their business in the market only when there is presence of diversified human resource at the workplace that can provide their opinion to initiate new and innovative reforms in the company. The problem of discrimination and gen der inequality also decreases the productivity and goodwill of the companies in the external environment (Joshi, Son, Roh, 2015). Subsequently, employee turnover rates also increase with this problem along with attrition rates as well. The organization also faces many problems and losses due to this problem. Like, decrease in performance and productivity, increase in employee turnover which increases the cost of recruitment as well. Further, many companies like PWC, Google, Facebook, and Glassdoor understand the requirement of the female staff and their security in the company, which respect to which they are implementing strategic HRM policies as well (Dipboye, 2016). Female staff in the company not only faces problems because of gender inequality but there are many other factors present in the culture of an organization which harasses their capacity to successfully work in an organization. The first of every female is their safety in the organization and as discussed above in the case of Uber, female is not safe in the environment, another factor is the negative work environment where female is always treated as they are not qualified or efficient to perform some acts. So, the only reason due to which such activities started and they are still prevailing in the market is due to the negligence of the human resource management towards the issue and inefficiency of the top level management to initiative corrective policies which can be implemented in the organization (Othman, Othman, 2015). This has become the mindset of the HR executive of the company that they cannot promote women employees on higher positive than male employees (Newman, 2014). But this orthodox practice is now changing as many organizations are promoting female efficient employees on the position of CEOs like Sheryl Sandberg (COO of Facebook), Chanda Kochhar (CEO of ICICI) , Indra Nooyi (CEO of PepsiCo) and many more. Thus, this shows that now the practice of discrimination is ending with the changing mindset of people. Recommendations Following recommendations will help the HR manager of the company to resolve the issue of gender discrimination existing in their environment. Further, the recommendations are discussed below: The HR department of the companies should initiate policies which motivate the female employees and appraise their performance as well. This will reduce the discrimination on the basis of pay and will motivate the female staff to work more and more for the betterment of the organization. The performance appraisal method shall be implemented that it reduces the attrition rate and keep all the employees on the same scale as well (Thomas, 2016). The department should also establish flexible and positive working culture in the organization. This will promote the healthy communication in the organization and it will ensure the safety of the female staff of the company as well. Positivity in environment will also increase the efficiency of employees and reduce the problem of discrimination, jealousy etc. Training programs will help the executive to train the male employees regarding the safety of female staff in the organization. Also through this way, they can improve the skills of the employees and help them to work together. The HR executives shall train the male staff on how to treat the female staff in the organization and how to work ethically. Lastly, the top management shall focus on way of initiate equality among the employees in the organization. They shall keep with the same designation at the same pay, irrespective of their age, sex, caste etc. Further, they shall also initiate flow of communication in the organization so all the problems of the female employees can be resolved easily. The HR executive shall pay more focus on the recruitment of female staff in the organization and their comfortability and safety in the workplace environment as well. Conclusion Thus, it shall be concluded that in todays working environment, it is important for an organization to provide equal opportunity to both male and female in the society. Activities like discrimination; gender inequality etc. shall be prohibited by the executives of the company. Further, the above mentioned task talks about the way in which the HR department shall promote the equality activities in the environment. The current situation analysis explains that the gender inequality issue is increasing day by day as there is a gender pay gap of 15.3 percent in Australia. Further the task also talks about the critical situation which is faced by women worldwide at work. They are being ill treated and discriminated in every field. People consider them weak due to which they do not promote them on higher position as well. But now the environment is changing and they are achieving higher position than men as well. They are proving themselves due to which different organizations are providing them opportunities as well. In the industry the HR department should training their male staff to treat women properly as safety of women has become major concern nowadays. So, training them will help the organizations to improve their internal communication process which will make females comfortable at the workplace. Thus, female employment and safety shall be promoted by all organizations to fulfill the corporate social responsibility and the organizations shall also pay more concern towards their CSR activities. The above mentioned report successfully fulfills the requirements of the task. References Abendroth, A. K., Melzer, S., Kalev, A., Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (2017). Women at work: Womens access to power and the gender earnings gap.ILR Review,70(1), 190-222. Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Benschop, Y., Holgersson, C., Van den Brink, M., Wahl, A. (2015). Future challenges for practices of diversity management in organizations.Handbook for Diversity in Organizations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 553-574. Dipboye, R. L. (2016). discrimination as high risk behavior in the workplace.Risky Business: Psychological, Physical and Financial Costs of High Risk Behavior in Organizations, 177. Hacker, S. (2017).Pleasure, power and technology: Some tales of gender, engineering, and the cooperative workplace(Vol. 5). Routledge. Hesmondhalgh, D., Baker, S. (2015). Sex, gender and work segregation in the cultural industries.The Sociological Review,63(1_suppl), 23-36. Hilton, J. (2017). Is HR doing enough to address gender inequality?. Viewed on February 4, 2018 from https://www.hcamag.com/hr-business-review/leadership-development/is-hr-doing-enough-to-address-gender-inequality-244874.aspx Hirsh, C. E. (2014). Beyond treatment and impact: A context-oriented approach to employment discrimination.American Behavioral Scientist,58(2), 256-273. Joshi, A., Son, J., Roh, H. (2015). When can women close the gap? A meta-analytic test of sex differences in performance and rewards.Academy of Management Journal,58(5), 1516-1545. Kirton, G., Greene, A. M. (2015).The dynamics of managing diversity: A critical approach. Routledge. Newman, C. (2014). Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce.Human resources for health,12(1), 25. Othman, Z., Othman, N. (2015). A literatural review on work discrimination among women employees.Asian Social Science,11(4), 26. Stainback, K., Kleiner, S., Skaggs, S. (2016). Women in power: Undoing or redoing the gendered organization?.Gender Society,30(1), 109-135. Strachan, G., Adikaram, A., Kailasapathy, P. (2015). Gender (in) equality in South Asia: problems, prospects and pathways. Thomas, T. A. (2016). Remedying Systemic Sex Discrimination with Gender Quotas:'Just Because'. WGEA. (2017). Equal Pay Day: 4 September 2017. Viewed on February 4, 2018 from https://www.wgea.gov.au/media-releases/equal-pay-day-4-september-2017

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay Example

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay The most important similarity between the book and the movie is the constant battle between McMurphy and Nurse Ratched. They are constantly trying to gain an edge over each other to have control over the patients. This happens in both the book and the movie. McMurphy ends up becoming the biggest influence until he is killed at the end. Nurse Ratched ends up winning the battle by outlasting McMurphy, but also loses because McMurphys’ influence has changed the attitudes of the patients forever. The ending to the book and the movie is also a great similarity between the two. Nurse Ratched makes Billy Bibbit feel guilty to the point where he kills himself. McMurphy ends up choking Nurse Ratched in the book and the movie. Then Nurse Ratched turns McMurphy into a vegetable by taking part of McMurphys’ brain out. Bromden can tell McMurphy is not the same after he comes back and does not like it. He misses the old McMurphy so he kills McMurphy. After Bromden kills McMurphy he escapes from t it is society who dictated norms and urges conformity, while those individuals who reject societal views and pressures are the ones deemed insane. Ken Kesey wove a similar mirror image of society and asylums into his novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest which tells the story of a cowboy-like outlaw named Randall McMurphy who is introduced into a mental institution to contain his behavior but instead incites rebellion among the patients who suffer under the overbearing Big Nurse and aides like Doctor Spivey. McMurphy, Chief Bromden, and Harding represent a uniqueness or variation of humanity and personality discarded by society and pressured into conformity by Big Nurse, a puppet of modern truths, and Doctor Spivey, a bystander resembling the typical American. We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

AOI health care Essays

AOI health care Essays AOI health care Paper AOI health care Paper Aiming to lead Oregon to prosperity, this non-profit association is the biggest and most prominent in the state. It helps its members by offering money-saving benefits and discounts in their businesses. By doing so, their quality of life may be uplifted with the help of the association’s five trained professional lobbyists (Associated Oregon Industries, 2009). As such, the Associated Oregon Industries puts its members at the top of the priorities list. It intends to address significant business concerns such as fiscal policies by promoting a sustainable economy, expanding the private sector and creating jobs. Since its employees have an essential part in the association, AOI wants health care services to be easily accessible to them by assisting them in obtaining and paying for such. So far, AOI sounds like your typical company. But upon learning about a strict program it enforces, I realized that it is anything but. Formerly known as the Workdrugfree Oregon Program of Oregon Nurses Foundation, the Oregon Employer Drug Free Initiative is a program of the AOI aspiring to create a drug free workplace for its employees at a statewide extent. It was adopted in July 2008 (the change in name to OEDI was in January 2009) and remains the only initiative of its kind in the state. AOI has identified the many benefits of creating a drug-free workplace. Thus, the association wants its employees to be aware of these benefits as well by promoting these, creating and implementing policies that work towards such an environment and assisting the employees in following them (â€Å"What is OEDI? † 2009). The OEDI first came to the attention of many during a Leadership Summit in January 2006, where it was integrated into the Oregon Business Plan. It was established in response to a survey showing that 7% of Oregon employers were concerned about substance abuse. However, only 12% had policies against this in place. Though it is true that to employ a drug-free policy may be costly, to be without one proves to be costlier and not to mention more time-consuming. There is an increased likelihood of having on-the-job injuries and more absenteeism. There may be a lower sense of confidence for employees leading to a likewise lowering of productivity. Since applicants will know that the company does not have a drug-free policy for employees, more drug users will apply for the company, rather than in others with such policies that will not accept them. From the same survey used awhile ago, it was found that 77 percent of illegal drug users and 80 percent of heavy alcohol users are employed. More importantly, 20 percent of applicants fail pre-employment drug tests, reaching even 60 to 80 percent for smaller employers. These statistics undoubtedly present large costs for companies with anti-drug abuse policies in terms of the decreased scope of people they can employ (Wheeler, 2007). However, quoting from what Sid Smith, President of Forest Grove Lumber Co. , McMinnville, said â€Å"If you dont have a sufficient deterrent, drug users will own your company. Our drug-free policy enhanced our workplace productivity, which made a positive impact on our year-end profitability. † (â€Å"Success Stories,† 2007) The said costs seem worth it as AOI was able to create a safer environment for its workers, helping them have a better working experience. The association was able to earn the high regard of the community, and this positive reputation in turn allows the association to get a hold of higher quality applicants. Employees are more confident, increasing productivity and customer satisfaction as well. Finally, economically speaking, costs for health care are lowered together with rates of turnover and absenteeism. OEDI will take on certain procedures to ensure the aforementioned benefits. Educational campaigns to fight against substance abuse will be done in order to mobilize participating identities. Oregon’s workforce will be made free from drug abuse. The program also aims to tap legislators’ awareness about the effects of substance abuse on the safety and efficiency of a working environment, and to promote and prepare students about these. Moreover, these educational campaigns will train supervisors to detect and manage substance abuse in the workplace. Gjesvold (2007) recognizes the pressure on managers and supervisor’s shoulders when it comes to managing their employees who have been found out to be abusers, and as in OEDI, he suggests four steps to be taken in doing so. The first step is observation. According to Phoenix House (2008), these signs include prolonged or unexplained absences, increased accidents on and off the job. Abusers also seem to have a disregard for personal hygiene and an overreaction to criticism, even if the criticism is only imagined. Work patterns are inconsistent leading to lower productivity and efficiency. Physical signs such as bloodshot eyes, persistent cough, dilated pupils, slurred speech or unsteady walk may also be observed. Cocaine abusers can be hyperactive, paranoid, delusional and extremely moody. Next is preparation, which includes anticipating possible reactions of the employee, preparing for resistance or maybe even discussing the issue with a fellow supervisor. Third is perhaps the most crucial part, action, which involves the consultation of the employee and expressing of concerns from both sides and the possible consequences if nothing is done. Finally comes follow-through, where improvements are taken note of or consequences are given when there are no improvements. I personally believe that these policies being implemented by AOI are ones that should be emulated by other companies that seek to give their workers better working experience and that aim for better productivity. As said in an article by Wheeler (2007), We need to keep in mind that this is not just a business issue; it is a community issue. Drug and alcohol abuse in the workplace impacts our local economy, the ability of our businesses to get and keep good employees, the quality of service we receive and the cost of services we purchase. If we all support the concept of a drug-free workplace and support the businesses who implement drug-free workplace policies, we will all benefit from the outcome. BIBLIOGRAPHY Associated Oregon Industries. 2009. About us. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from aoi. org/organization/index. cfm. Gjesvold, J. 2007. Disruptive Behavior: Tough Challenge for Employers. Albany Area Chamber Network, 39 (2). 4. Phoenix House. 2008. Basic facts: Drugs, alcohol the workplace. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from phoenixhouse. org/National/DrugFacts/drugfacts_workplace. html. Success Stories. 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from oregonemployerdrugfree. org/success. html. What is OEDI. 2009. Oregon Employer Drug-free Initiative eNewsletter. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from visitbaker. com/OEDI. pdf. Wheeler, C. 2007. Working Drug-free. Yamhill Valley Viewpoints in News Register . Retrieved May 30, 2009 from oregonemployerdrugfree. org/pdfs/opEdCeliaWheeler31007. pdf.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions These resolutions were written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. These resolutions were the first attempts by states rights advocates to impose the rule of nullification. In their version, they argued that since the government was created as a compact of the states, they had the right to ‘nullify’ laws that they felt exceeded the granted power of the Federal government. Four Measures of the Alien and Sedition Acts The Alien and Sedition acts were passed while  John Adams  was serving as Americas second president. Their purpose was to fight against criticisms people were making against the government and more specifically the Federalists.  The Acts consist of four measures designed to limit immigration and free speech. They include: The Naturalization Act  - This act increased the residency time for individuals applying for U.S. citizenship. Immigrants would have to live in the US for 14 years in order to be eligible for citizenship. Previous to this, the requirement was 5 years. The reason for this act was that America was in danger of going to war with France. This would give the president the ability to better deal with suspicious foreign nationals.  The Alien Act  - Following the passage of the Naturalization Act, the Alien Act continued to give more power to the presidency over foreign nationals living in the U.S. The president was given the ability to deport aliens during peacetime.The Alien Enemy Act  - A little less than a month later, President Adams signed this Act into law. The purpose of the Alien Enemy Act was to give the president the ability to expel or imprison aliens during times of declared war if those aliens had ties to Americas enemies.  The  Sedition Act  - The final act, pass ed on July 14, 1798, was the most controversial. Any conspiracy against the government including riots and interference with officers would result in a high misdemeanor. This went so far as to stop people from speaking in a false, scandalous and malicious manner against the government.  Newspaper, pamphlet and broadside publishers who printed articles aimed primarily at his administration were the intended targets. The backlash to these acts was probably the main reason why  John Adams  was not elected to a second term as president. The Virginia Resolutions, authored by James Madison, argued that Congress was overstepping their bounds and using a power not delegated to them by the Constitution. The Kentucky Resolutions, authored by Thomas Jefferson, argued that states had the power of nullification, the ability to nullify federal laws. This would later be argued by John C. Calhoun and the southern states as the Civil War neared. However, when the topic came up again in 1830, Madison argued against this idea of nullification.   In the end, Jefferson was able to use the reaction to these acts to ride to the presidency, defeating John Adams in the process.

Prosecutorial Misconduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prosecutorial Misconduct - Research Paper Example In this respect, this becomes unacceptable by the law. Therefore, in order for the criminal justice system to be in a position to provide the mandate for which it is created, there is a need for the reformation of this problem. This will provide a solution to the issue as the prosecutors among other law enforcers will be in a position to act within their specified duties. In this sense, both the criminals and other citizens of the countries will be given the opportunity to enjoy their individual rights of justice. Within the legal profession, there are those convictions that have been made in a wrongful manner. Although most of the time these have been contributed by honest mistakes that could not have been prevented or avoided, there are those that have taken place as a result of ignorance and the lack of responsibilities by the members of the legal profession. This is a sign that in far too many cases, the same people who are entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring truth and justice since they are the law enforcement officers and mainly the prosecutors lose focus of this obligation and instead of working towards the maintenance of justice they mainly focus on securing convictions for themselves regardless of the consequences placed on the defendant. It mostly applies to the prosecutors who aim at providing evidence against the defendant despite the fact that they also possess alternative evidence to prevent the incrimination of the said defendant. This means that they may have evidenc e to incriminate a different individual hence leading to the wrongful conviction of the first defendant (Davis, 2007). It refers to the illegal action or the lack of action by the prosecutor especially in the attempt to influence the jury to convict a defendant inappropriately or to give a punishment that is harsher than it is necessary. At times, it is also known as selective prosecution. This is a problem that has currently been

Black Park in the UK and its macrofossils Essay

Black Park in the UK and its macrofossils - Essay Example The diversity index was used to assess invertebrate community according (Magurran (1991). Classification of functional feeding groups was done (Merritt and Cummins, 1996).   The chemical composition of the soil, the leaf detritus, and the functional feeding groups to test microorganisms, was done with covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and multi dependent analysis of variance (MANOVA) (yeast, bacteria and fungi) and invertebrate (density-dependent variable).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Samples were taken from dry soil areas, the floodplains and the lake area. The results in the soil samples and pollens collected along with leaf detritus were sieved and compared in terms of density, spread and age.  SamplesFrom dry soil areas, the floodplains and the lake area, the results are seen in the soil samples and pollens collected along with leaf detritus and sieved and sampled and compared to each other in terms of density and spread and the age.ResultsThe dry Soil Area displayed H olocene vegetation change as seen from the plant macrofossils and pollen from packrat middens ranging from 0 to 50,000 years.   (http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/eng-ee-beds-wet-woodlands.pdf/$FILE/eng-ee-beds-wet-woodlands.pdf). Semi-arid landscapes appeared covered with sage, chaparral, and grassland. . Ttreeless tundra was replaced by birch pine and beech.  Ã‚   Beech sprouts on limestone areas at the head of the Thames estuary can be seen and signs of Alder can also be seen.   Herbivores that are now extinct or reduced in numbers can also be spotted.

The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara Essay Example for Free

The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara Essay Toni Cade Bambara’s The Lesson revolves around a young black girl’s struggle to come to terms with the role that economic injustice, and the larger social injustice that it constitutes, plays in her life. Sylvia, the story’s protagonist, initially is reluctant to acknowledge that she is a victim of poverty. Far from being oblivious of the disparity between the rich and the poor, however, one might say that on some subconscious level, she is in fact aware of the inequity that permeates society and which contributes to her inexorably disadvantaged economic situation. That she relates poverty to shame—But I feel funny, shame. But what I got to be shamed about? Got as much right to go in as anybody (Bambara 604)—offers an indication as to why she is so hard-pressed to concede her substandard socioeconomic standing in the larger scheme of things. Sylvia is forced to finally address the true state of her place in society, however, when she observes firsthand the stark contrast between the rich and the poor at a fancy toy store in Manhattan. Initially furious about the blinding disparity, her emotionally charged reaction ultimately culminates in her acceptance of the real state of things, and this acceptance in turn cultivates her resolve to take action against the socioeconomic inequality that verily afflicts her, ensuring that ain’t nobody gonna beat me at nuthin (606). The Lesson posits that far from being insurmountable, economic and social injustice can be risen above, but it is necessary that we first acknowledge the role that it plays in our lives, and then determine to take action against it; indifference, and the inaction that it breeds, can only serve to perpetuate such injustices. Sylvia’s languid regard for Miss Moore, whom she refers to as this nappy-head bitch and her goddamn college degree (601), is a reflection of her initial disregard for the role that social injustice plays in her life. Miss Moore, with her proper speech (601) and desire to take responsibility for the young ones’ education (601), is a foil to Sylvia: educated, discerning, analytical. Her informed and realistic perception of the society in which they live qualifies her as an embodiment of truth within the story, and Sylvia’s rejection of her is thus symbolic of her overarching rejection of the truth. More than just refusing to acknowledge the verity of her poverty—And then she gets to the part about we all poor and live in the slums, which I don’t feature (601)—Syvlia even subconsciously runs away from it. Don’t nobody want to go for my plan, Sylvia says, which is to jump out at the next light and run off to the first bar-b-que we can find (601). Her compulsion to stray from Miss Moore suggests that on some subliminal level, she seeks to avoid confronting the truth that the lesson conveys about her indigent state. Upon arriving at the toy store, Sylvia notes: ‘This is the place,’ Miss Moore say, presenting it to us in the voice she uses at the museum. ‘Let’s look in the windows before we go in’ (602). That Miss Moore introduces the children to the store in her museum voice is indicative of her desire for the children to thoroughly analyze their new environment and synthesize what it might suggest about social stratification; Miss Moore means to show them that, like a historically significant painting in a museum, the society in which they live is worth studying intently. Although the explicit differences between the ghetto and Manhattan are immediately apparent, Sylvia initially fails to make the implicit connections between these external differences and larger social inequity. She boggles at the concept of a woman in a fur coat—Then we check out that we on Fifth Avenue and everybody dressed up in stockings. One lady in a fur coat, hot as it is. White folks crazy (602)—but fails to interpret what she sees in relation to the disparity between the rich and the poor. Instead, all she can do is point fingers and criticize. The children’s discovery of the fiberglass sailboat marks the story’s climax and signals the transition from rising to falling action. The cost of the sailboat provokes an as yet unseen emotionally charged, one might say true reaction from Sylvia: ‘Unbelievable,’ I hear myself say and am really stunned (603). More than just being stunned at the price of the sailboat, however, Sylvia is perhaps on some deeper level stunned at the emotions that have been roused within her. It is at this point in the story that her overriding indifference towards the roles that economic and social injustice play in her life begins to yield to a real emotional response to them. Although Sylvia has begun to respond to the disparity between the rich and the poor, she is still eluctant to fully accept it: So me and Sugar turn the corner to where the entrance [to the toy store] is, but when we get there I kinda hang back. Not that I’m scared, what’s there to be afraid of, just a toy store (604). The hesitation Sylvia encounters upon entering the store is a reflection of her desire to insulate herself from the feel ings of inadequacy she is beginning to experience: she understands that if she enters the store, she will be forced to finally confront the actuality of the socioeconomic gap that separates her from the people that the store caters to. The door to the toy store symbolically manifests this divide, as the toy store itself, with is exorbitantly priced items, is symbolic of the world of the wealthy. Sylvia’s struggle to get a hold of the door is indicative of her continuing struggle to accept absolutely her disadvantaged economic situation. Once inside the store, Sylvia can no longer ignore the blinding imparity between the rich and the poor. Her discovery of an overly priced toy clown prompts her to consider what could be bought for its price: Thirty-five dollars could buy new bunk beds for Junior and Gretchen’s boy. Thirty-five dollars and the whole household could go visit Granddaddy Nelson in the country. Thirty-five dollars would pay for the rent and the piano bill too (605). Sylvia is forced to finally address the socioeconomic inequality that works against her while simultaneously conferring certain luxuries on the rich: Who are these people that spend that much for performing clowns and $1000 for toy sailboats? What kinda work they do and how they live and how come we ain’t in on it? (605). In stark contrast with her earlier disregard for economic and social injustice, Sylvia is now incensed by it. Her anger is further incited when Sugar speaks on the implications of these newly perceived inequalities: ‘I think,’ say Sugar pushing me off her feet like she never done before, cause I whip her ass in a minute, ‘that this is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, don’t it? [†¦] I am disgusted with Sugar’s treachery (605). In concretely addressing the existence of socioeconomic inequality and its effects on their own lives, Sugar cements its realness in Sylvia’s mind—she can no longer run from it. It is thus the truth in Sugar’s words that she is disgusted with, not Sugar herself. Sylvia’s powerful emotions ultimately culminate in her resolve to not just acknowledge the roles that economic and social injustice play in her life, but to understand these njustices and eventually rise above them: We start down the block and she gets ahead with is O. K. by me cause I’m going to the West End and then over to the Drive to think this day through. She can run if she want to and even run faster. But ain’t nobody gonna beat me at nuthin (606). That Sylvia does not run with Sugar is symbolic of her refusal to run from the truth any longer; she now understands that it is her responsibility to face her situation head-on so that she might one day overcome it. Ironically enough, in the end it is the most cynical of the pack—the one whose idea it was to ditch Miss Moore—who extracts the most meaning from the day’s activities. In his analysis of The Lesson, Jerome Cartwright addresses the significance of Sylvia’s realization in relation to how it moves her to take action: [Sylvia] is changed in a way that promises hope for her ability to respond effectively to the newly discovered reality she faces (Cartwright 61). However, he suggests that although Sylvia’s realization regarding the unfairness of life and, as a black girl, her often low position in the scheme of things (61) is central to the story, the conflict between rich and poor and the economic injustice it reveals (61) is not what drives it forward. For Cartwright, the story is essentially about the value of lessons themselves, the value of learning and thinking. [†¦] The children do not simply need to learn one lesson: they need an education (61). While the importance of the children’s education should not be underestimated, Cartwright compromises the story’s primary importance by generalizing each of Miss Moore’s lessons into a collective importance. To conflate the importance of Sylvia’s realization about her socioeconomic status with the importance of the less critical lessons Miss Moore offers throughout the day—from the uses of the microscope to the components of the paperweight—is to downplay the story’s value as a commentary on economic and social injustice. Cartwright’s generalization in this way belies the story’s true meaning. Although historical surveys of the collective economic status of African Americans point to a long-standing relegation of blacks to lower income levels, current information points to a continuation of a long-term trend toward parity with national levels and absolutely higher levels of affluence than those experienced by most populations outside the United States (Wikipedia 10). Moreover, since the mid to late 1990s, [†¦] over 1. 7 million African Americans have gone off the poverty rolls, earnings by African American women have moved to within a few percentage points of white women’s, and unemployment among blacks in recent years has dropped below the 10 percent mark (10). While these numbers are not enough to invalidate the existence of socioeconomic inequality, they affirm that in this country, social and economic injustice can be mitigated. The unprecedented access to higher education and employment (11) that African Americans have been party to since the Civil Rights Movement speaks strongly to the opportunities for change that this country affords its citizens. However, the value of the struggle cannot be lost on us. We must recognize that such fundamental change does not manifest itself overnight: it is achievable only where a lasting commitment to it is available. Change is not beyond us. Action, however, is its necessary predecessor.

Hypochondria and Prozac Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Hypochondria and Prozac: A Pill For All Ills? Right now, my shoulder really, really aches. It's a dull, uncentralized sort of pain, and over the past few days, it has spread to my neck and upper arms. My wrists hurt too, especially when I twist them a certain way. I'm tired all of the time, and thirsty. I'm not worried about these symptoms. Their cause is obvious. I've spent the last four days hunched over my computer until early morning, furiously typing reports for finals week (this one included). I get an average of four to five hours of sleep a night, and the rest of the time, only a constant stream of caffeinated beverages can keep me awake. My back/shoulder/neck pain is caused by my stance at the computer; my tiredness is a result of---what else?---lack of sleep; I'm thirsty because all I'm drinking is soda. If I were a hypochondriac, though, I'd probably think I had cancer. Don't laugh. Hypochondria, or the attributing of benign symptoms such as backache and fatigue to serious illnesses, occurs in 1% of the population and 5% of America's medical outpatients ((7)). These people, while usually genuinely healthy, interpret every minor pain as indicative of something serious. They travel from doctor to doctor seeking treatment; if one doctor refuses to acknowledge their illness, or gives them a clean bill of health, they simply move on ((7)). This process can go on for anywhere from six months to years ((6)). The symptoms they feel are not delusions, nor are they purposefully-created fakes. Pretending to experience nonexistant symptoms is a behavior associated with a different disorder, Muchausen syndrome. Hypochondriacs' pain is very real. It's just not, as its sufferers assume, a sign of some fatal illness ((7... ...iety for what it was, and know that it was a mental rather than a physical problem, and therefore fixable. Most importantly, I would know that I wouldn't have to rely on pills for my recovery. That being said, I'm going to go pop a few aspirins. Internet Sources: 1)http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/ 2)http://www.uib.no/med/avd/med_a/gastro/wilhelms/hypochon.html 3)http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss24/record2124.24.html 4)http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss24/record2124.24.html 5)http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/healthcare/2002-03-19-hypochondriacs.htm 6)http://healthsciences.columbia.edu/news/journal/journal-o/archives/jour_v15n2_0002.html 7)http://www.helenair.com/articles/2003/09/13/health/c01090903_04.txt 8)http://www.uib.no/med/avd/med_a/gastro/wilhelms/wallstr.html

Accounting as a Language Essay

Accounting is often referred to as the language of business. It is a special-purpose tool for communication about the financial statements and the performance of a company. This can happen through written, natural language by selecting words from a standard vocabulary combining them in meaningful ways. These words are then organised into financial reports according to relatively flexible rules of presentation. Accounting dates back to 1494 when Luca Pacioli published a book called Summa de Arithmetic. It Around the 15th century, accounting records were found amongst ruins of ancient Babylon, Assyria and Sumeria. It is suggested that people relied on accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. During the Roman Empire, accounting was quantified and listed as a public expenditure which included grants of land and religious offerings. Money to army veterans was also given. Current Issues affecting Accounting as a language The decline of the U. S dollar is a perfect example of an issue that affects accounting as a language. The objective of accounting theory is to provide a basis for the prediction and to explain accounting behaviour and its events. This theory assumes that a stable monetary unit is present. See more: Social process essay Further decline in the purchasing power of the dollar has affected all realities and its associated languages. Events like this play a vital role as to whether a new language of bookkeeping needs to be implemented. Accounting language must develop theories which are rational. There may be instances where a procedure does not appear to be reasonable. An example of this can be seen with the determination of joint product and by-product costs. The reason why this raises doubts is because it is difficult to allocate costs in a way that accurate costs can be obtained. In addition to accounting language theories being rational is its usefulness. Theories and conclusions are constantly being tested to measure the usefulness of the research provided. According to Harold G Avery, many systems have been neglected as it was not useful in expressing the relevant information to management. It is safe to say that no language will receive acceptance if it cannot be used to an advantage, as this information is relied upon to make sound business judgements and needs to be readily available. So how is this information translated to the users? Ac as a language- Financial data is used to communicate the financial positions of a entity and then translates this to its various users. It is pertinent that in order to evaluate the financial results of the entity, it is necessary that the financial statements of that particular company with either its financial results of the industry or the past results. Ratio analysis is used to determine the status of the company’s ability to pay its short and long term debts. It can also analyze to determine the company liquidity and debts levels, these indicators are critical in determining the business ability to continue operations into the future. IAS 1 prescribes the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements intended to meet the needs of users who are not in a position to require an entity to prepare reports tailored to their particular information needs. IAS 1 does not specifically apply to the form, structure, and content of an interim financial report but many of the overall considerations as the need for fair presentation and consistency. Globally accounting is recognized as the tool for communicating the financial statements and performance. Without a clear structure for accounting language, businesses and users alike would suffer economically as the financial statements would not be fair and true, which would be costly to us all. Accounting data is used to produce financial statements which depict a picture of entities profitability. This information enables accounting to translate this ‘foreign language’ into one that is understood by its users. This purpose of this translation is to aide sound business decisions. Users who benefit from this can be shareholders, management, government, financial institutions and prospective investors.

Medical Education Essay

Working together as an interdisciplinary team, many highly trained health professionals besides medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health care. Examples include: nurses, emergency medical technicians and paramedics, laboratory scientists, pharmacists, physician assistants, podiatrists physiotherapists, respiratory therapists,speech therapists, occupational therapists, radiographers, dietitians, and bioengineers. The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. Dentistry, while considered by some a separate discipline from medicine, is a medical field. A patient admitted to hospital is usually under the care of a specific team based on their main presenting problem, e.g., the Cardiology team, who then may interact with other specialties, e.g., surgical, radiology, to help diagnose or treat the main problem or any subsequent complications/developments. Physicians have many specializations and subspecializations into certain branches of medicine, which are listed below. There are variations from country to country regarding which specialties certain subspecialties are in. The main branches of medicine are: ââ€" ª Basic sciences of medicine; this is what every physician is educated in, and some return to in biomedical research. ââ€" ª Medical specialties ââ€" ª Interdisciplinary fields, where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions. [pic] ââ€" ª Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures. ââ€" ª Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components. ââ€" ª Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of Mechanics. ââ€" ª Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidence-based medicine. ââ€" ª Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physics and physical chemistry to study biological systems. ââ€" ª Cytology is the microscopic study of individual cells. ââ€" ª Embryology is the study of the early development of organisms. ââ€" ª Endocrinology is the study of hormones and their effect throughout the body of animals. ââ€" ª Epidemiology is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics. ââ€" ª Genetics is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance. ââ€" ª Histology is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. ââ€" ª Immunology is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example. ââ€" ª Medical physics is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine. ââ€" ª Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. ââ€" ª Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material. ââ€" ª Neuroscience includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Some related clinical specialties include neurology, neurosurgery andpsychiatry. ââ€" ª Nutrition science (theoretical focus) and dietetics (practical focus) is the study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease, especially in determining an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, weight and eating disorders, allergies, malnutrition, and neoplastic diseases. ââ€" ª Pathology as a science is the study of disease—the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof. [pic] Ever wonder why physics is important in the field of medicine? Well, there are numerous reasons why it is very vital to this field. One reason is â€Å"medical physics†, it is one of the branches of physics. Medical physics is a branch of applied physics concerning the application ofphysics to medicine. It generally concerns physics as applied to medical imaging and radiotherapy. And what is medical imaging? Medical imaging refers to the techniques and processes used to create images of the human body (or parts thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal,diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and function. Under this are the following: – An MRI scan – Diagnostic radiology, including x-rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, angiography and Computed tomography – Ultrasound, including intravascular ultrasound – Non-ionising radiation (Lasers, Ultraviolet etc.) – Nuclear medicine, including SPECT and positron emission tomography (PET) – Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other methods for functional neuroimaging of the brain. For example, nuclear magnetic resonance (often referred to as magnetic resonance imaging to avoid the common concerns about radiation), uses the phenomenon of nuclear resonance to image the human body. – Magnetoencephalography – Electrical impedance tomography – Diffuse optical imaging – Optical coherence tomography Through Physics we nurses are able to treat diseases. Treatment of disease: – Defibrillation – High intensity focussed ultrasound, including lithotripsy – Interventional radiology – Non-ionising radiation Lasers, Ultraviolet etc. including photodynamic therapyand LASIK – Nuclear medicine, including unsealed source radiotherapy – Photomedicine, the use of light to treat and diagnose disease – Radiotherapy – Sealed source radiotherapy – Terahertz radiation Through physics we are also able to understand the part of the body especially the brain. ECG trace Used to monitor and measure various physiological parameters. Many physiological measurement techniques are non-invasive and can be used in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, other invasive methods. – Electrocardiography – Electromyography – Electroencephalography – Electronystagmography – Endoscopy – Medical ultrasonography – Non-ionising radiation (Lasers, Ultraviolet etc.) – Near infrared spectroscopy -Pulse oximetry Blood gas monitor Blood pressure measurement You see Physics is a great help in the field of medicine without it, we are not able to enjoy what we are enjoying in terms of treating our diseases. Chemistry is a huge part of medicine, not only do you need an understanding of it to become a doctor, but it is also both a diagnostic and treatment tool. The importance of chemistry lies in developing and testing new medical treatments and medicines. Without it doctors would not understand how vitamins, supplements, and drugs can help or harm you. Chemistry departments in hospital medical labs play an important and valuable role. Analyzing substances such as blood and urine, for proteins, sugars and other metabolic and inorganic substances. They are able to look for problems such as diabetes, therefore offering an early prognosis and cure to potentially life threatening diseases. Medical Technology extends and improves life. It alleviates pain, injury and handicap. Its role in healthcare is essential. Incessant medical technology innovation enhances the quality and effectiveness of care. Billions of patients worldwide depend on medical technology at home, at the doctor’s, at hospital and in nursing homes. Wheelchairs, pacemakers, orthopedic shoes, spectacles and contact lenses, insulin pens, hip prostheses, condoms, oxygen masks, dental floss, MRI scanners, pregnancy tests, surgical instruments, bandages, syringes, life-support machines: more than 500,000 products (10,000 generic groups) are available today. Medical technology represents only 6,3% of total healthcare expenditure in Europe – a modest share if you consider the benefits for every member of society. The term medical technology may also refer to the duties performed by clinical laboratory professionals in various settings within the public and private sectors. The work of these professionals encompass clinical applications of chemistry, genetics, hematology, immunohematology (blood banking), immunology, microbiology, serology, urinalysis and miscellaneous body fluid analysis. These professionals may be referred to as Medical Technologists (MT) and Medical Laboratory Technologists. Pharmacy which is from the Greek word Pharmakeia φÎ ±Ã ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ± is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The Greek: φÎ ¬Ã ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½ (pharmakon), means â€Å"drug† or â€Å"medicine† (the earliest form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek pa-ma-ko, attested in Linear B syllabic script). The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a pharmacy, chemist’s or drug store. In the United States and Canada, drug stores commonly sell not only medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy (sweets), cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light refreshments or groceries. The word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries. In addition to pharma responsibilities, the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners, such as surgery and midwifery. The pharma (as it was referred to) often operated through a retail shop which, in addition to ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines. The pharmas also used many other herbs not listed. In its investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients, the work of the pharma may be regarded as a precursor of the modern sciences of chemistry and pharmacology, prior to the formulation of the scientific method. What is covered in the BS of Pharmacy program? BS of Pharmacy covers subjects that offer a solid foundation in biomedical, clinical, pharmaceutical, biological and social sciences. This is to ensure that students are trained to effective deliver pharmaceutical services in both private and government institutions.

Biography of Journalist C Wright Mills

Biography of Journalist C Wright Mills Charles  Wright Mills (1916-1962), popularly known as C. Wright Mills, was a mid-century sociologist and journalist. He is known and celebrated for his critiques of contemporary power structures, his spirited treatises on how sociologists should study social problems and engage with society, and his critiques of the field of sociology and academic professionalization of sociologists.   Early Life and Education Mills was born on August 28, 1916, in Waco, Texas. Because his father was a salesman, the family  moved a lot and lived in many places throughout Texas while Mills was growing up, and as a result, he lived a relatively isolated life with no intimate or continuous relationships. Mills began his university career at Texas AM University but completed only one year. Later, he attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he completed a bachelors degree in sociology  and a masters degree in philosophy in 1939. By this point, Mills had positioned himself as an important figure in sociology by publishing in the fields two leading journals (American Sociological Review  and  American Journal of Sociology) while still a student. Mills earned a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1942, where his dissertation focused on pragmatism and the sociology of knowledge. Career Mills began his professional career as an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park in 1941, and served there for four years. During this time, he began to practice public sociology by writing journalistic articles for outlets including  The New Republic,  The New Leader, and  Politics. Following his post in Maryland, Mills took a position as a research associate at Columbia Universitys Bureau of Applied Social Research. The following year, he was made  assistant professor  in the universitys sociology department and by 1956, had been promoted to the rank of Professor. During the 1956-57 academic year, Mills had the honor of serving as a Fulbright lecturer at the University of Copenhagen. Contributions and Accomplishments The major focus of Millss work was the subjects of  social inequality, the power of elites and their control of society, the shrinking  middle class, the relationship between individuals and society, and the importance of historical perspective as a key part of sociological thinking. Millss most influential and famous work,  The Sociological Imagination  (1959),  describes how one should approach the world if one wants to see and understand as a sociologist does. He emphasizes the importance of seeing the connections between individuals and everyday life and the greater social forces that constitute and course through society, and the importance of understanding our contemporary lives and social structure in historical context. Mills argued that doing so was an important part of coming to understand that what we often perceive as personal troubles are in fact public issues. In terms of contemporary social theory and critical analysis,  The Power Elite  (1956) was a very important contribution made by Mills. Like other critical theorists of that time, Mills was concerned with the rise of a techno-rationality and intensified bureaucratization following World War II. This book serves as a compelling account of how military, industrial/corporate, and government elites created and how they maintain a closely interlocked power structure that controls society to their benefit at the expense of the majority. Other key works by Mills include From  Max Weber: Essays in Sociology  (1946),  The  New Men of Power  (1948),  White Collar  (1951), Character and Social Structure: The Psychology of Social  (1953),  The Causes of World War Three  (1958), and  Listen, Yankee  (1960). Mills is also credited with introducing the term New Left when he penned an open letter in 1960 to the leftists of the day. Personal Life Mills was married four times to three women and had one child with each. He married Dorothy Helen Freya Smith in 1937. The two divorced in 1940 but remarried in 1941, and had a daughter, Pamela, in 1943. The couple divorced again in 1947, and that same year Mills married Ruth Harper, who also worked at the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia. The two also had a daughter, Kathryn, who was born in 1955. Mills and Harper separated after her birth and divorced in 1959. Mills was married for a fourth time in 1959 to Yaroslava Surmach, an artist. Their son Nikolas was born in 1960. Throughout these years, Mills was reported to have had many extramarital affairs and was known for being combative with his colleagues and peers. Death Mills suffered from a prolonged heart condition in his adult life and survived three heart attacks before finally succumbing to a fourth on March 20, 1962. Legacy Mills is remembered as a deeply important American sociologist whose work is essential to how students are taught about the field and the practice of sociology. In 1964, he was honored by the Society for the Study of Social Problems with the creation of the annual C. Wright Mills Award.

Helen Keller, Deaf and Blind Spokesperson and Activist

Helen Keller, Deaf and Blind Spokesperson and Activist Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880–June 1, 1968) was a groundbreaking exemplar and advocate for the blind and deaf communities. Blind and deaf from a nearly fatal illness at 19 months old, Helen Keller made a dramatic breakthrough at the age of 6 when she learned to communicate with the help of her teacher, Annie Sullivan. Keller went on to live an illustrious public life, inspiring people with disabilities and fundraising, giving speeches, and writing as a humanitarian activist. Fast Facts: Helen Keller Known For:  Blind and deaf from infancy, Helen Keller is known for her emergence from isolation, with the help of her teacher Annie Sullivan, and for a career of public service and humanitarian activism.Born:  June 27, 1880 in Tuscumbia, AlabamaParents: Captain Arthur Keller and Kate Adams KellerDied:  June 1, 1968 in Easton ConnecticutEducation: Home tutoring with Annie Sullivan, Perkins Institute for the Blind, Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, studies with Sarah Fuller  at the  Horace Mann School for the Deaf, The Cambridge School for Young Ladies, Radcliffe College  of  Harvard UniversityPublished Works: The Story of My Life,  The World I Live In,  Out of the Dark, My Religion,  Light in My Darkness, Midstream: My Later LifeAwards and Honors:  Theodore Roosevelt  Distinguished Service Medal in 1936, Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964, election to the Womens Hall of Fame in 1965, an honorary Academy Award in 1955 (as the inspiration for the documentary about her life), countless honorary degreesNotable Quote: The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen, nor touched ... but are felt in the heart. Early Childhood Helen Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama to Captain Arthur Keller and Kate Adams Keller. Captain Keller was a cotton farmer and newspaper editor and had served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Kate Keller, 20 years his junior, had been born in the South, but had roots in Massachusetts and was related to founding father John Adams. Helen was a healthy child until she became seriously ill at 19 months. Stricken with an illness that her doctor called brain fever, Helen was not expected to survive. The crisis was over after several days, to the great relief of the Kellers. However, they soon learned that Helen had not emerged from the illness unscathed. She was left blind and deaf. Historians believe that Helen had contracted either scarlet fever or meningitis. The Wild Childhood Years Frustrated by her inability to express herself, Helen Keller frequently threw tantrums that included breaking dishes and even slapping and biting family members. When Helen, at age 6, tipped over the cradle holding her baby sister, Helens parents knew something had to be done. Well-meaning friends suggested that she be institutionalized, but Helens mother resisted that notion. Soon after the incident with the cradle, Kate Keller read a book by Charles Dickens about the education of Laura Bridgman. Laura was a deaf-blind girl who had been taught to communicate by the director of the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston. For the first time, the Kellers felt hopeful that Helen could be helped as well. The Guidance of Alexander Graham Bell During a visit to a Baltimore eye doctor in 1886, the Kellers received the same verdict they had heard before. Nothing could be done to restore Helens eyesight. The doctor, however, advised the Kellers that Helen might benefit from a visit with the famous inventor Alexander Graham Bell in Washington, D.C. Bells mother and wife were deaf and he had devoted himself to improving life for the deaf, inventing several assistive devices for them. Bell and Helen Keller got along very well and would later develop a lifelong friendship. Bell suggested that the Kellers write to the director of the Perkins Institute for the Blind, where Laura Bridgman, now an adult, still resided. The director wrote the Kellers back, with the name of a teacher for Helen: Annie Sullivan. Annie Sullivan Arrives Helen Kellers new teacher had also lived through difficult times. Annie Sullivan had lost her mother to tuberculosis when she was 8. Unable to care for his children, her father sent Annie and her younger brother Jimmie to live in the poorhouse in 1876. They shared quarters with criminals, prostitutes, and the mentally ill. Young Jimmie died of a weak hip ailment only three months after their arrival, leaving Annie grief-stricken. Adding to her misery, Annie was gradually losing her vision to trachoma, an eye disease. Although not completely blind, Annie had very poor vision and would be plagued with eye problems for the rest of her life. When she was 14, Annie begged visiting officials to send her to school. She was lucky, for they agreed to take her out of the poorhouse and send her to the Perkins Institute. Annie had a lot of catching up to do. She learned to read and write, then later learned braille and the manual alphabet (a system of hand signs used by the deaf). After graduating first in her class, Annie was given the job that would determine the course of her life: teacher to Helen Keller. Without any formal training to teach a deaf-blind child, 20-year-old Annie Sullivan arrived at the Keller home on March 3, 1887. It was a day that Helen Keller later referred to as my souls birthday. A Battle of Wills Teacher and pupil were both very strong-willed and frequently clashed. One of the first of these battles revolved around Helens behavior at the dinner table, where she roamed freely and grabbed food from the plates of others. Dismissing the family from the room, Annie locked herself in with Helen. Hours of struggle ensued, during which Annie insisted Helen eat with a spoon and sit in her chair. In order to distance Helen from her parents, who gave in to her every demand, Annie proposed that she and Helen move out of the house temporarily. They spent about two weeks in the annex, a small house on the Keller property. Annie knew that if she could teach Helen self-control, Helen would be more receptive to learning. Helen fought Annie on every front, from getting dressed and eating to going to bed at night. Eventually, Helen resigned herself to the situation, becoming calmer and more cooperative. Now the teaching could begin. Annie constantly spelled words into Helens hand, using the manual alphabet to name the items she handed to Helen. Helen seemed intrigued but did not yet realize that what they were doing was more than a game. Helen Kellers Breakthrough On the morning of April 5, 1887, Annie Sullivan and Helen Keller were outside at the water pump, filling a mug with water. Annie pumped the water over Helens hand while repeatedly spelling â€Å"w-a-t-e-r† into her hand. Helen suddenly dropped the mug. As Annie later described it, a new light came into her face. She understood. All the way back to the house, Helen touched objects and Annie spelled their names into her hand. Before the day was over, Helen had learned 30 new words. It was just the beginning of a very long process, but a door had been opened for Helen. Annie also taught her how to write and how to read braille. By the end of that summer, Helen had learned more than 600 words.   Annie Sullivan sent regular reports on Helen Kellers progress to the director of the Perkins Institute. On a visit to the Perkins Institute in 1888, Helen met other blind children for the first time. She returned to Perkins the following year and stayed for several months of study. High School Years Helen Keller dreamed of attending college and was determined to get into Radcliffe, a womens university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. However, she would first need to complete high school. Helen attended a high school for the deaf in New York City, then later transferred to a school in Cambridge. She had her tuition and living expenses paid for by wealthy benefactors. Keeping up with school work challenged both Helen and Annie. Copies of books in braille were rarely available, requiring that Annie read the books, then spell them into Helens hand. Helen would then type out notes using her braille typewriter. It was a grueling process. Helen withdrew from the school after two years, completing her studies with a private tutor. She gained admission to Radcliffe in 1900, making her the first deaf-blind person to attend college. Life as a Coed College was somewhat disappointing for Helen Keller. She was unable to form friendships both because of her limitations and the fact that she lived off campus, which further isolated her. The rigorous routine continued, in which Annie worked at least as much as Helen. As a result, Annie suffered severe eyestrain. Helen found the courses very difficult and struggled to keep up with her workload. Although she detested math, Helen did enjoy English classes and received praise for her writing. Before long, she would be doing plenty of writing. Editors from Ladies Home Journal offered Helen $3,000, an enormous sum at the time, to write a series of articles about her life. Overwhelmed by the task of writing the articles, Helen admitted she needed help. Friends introduced her to John Macy, an editor and English teacher at Harvard. Macy quickly learned the manual alphabet and began to work with Helen on editing her work. Certain that Helens articles could successfully be turned into a book, Macy negotiated a deal with a publisher and The Story of My Life was published in 1903 when Helen was only 22 years old. Helen graduated from Radcliffe with honors in June 1904. Annie Sullivan Marries John Macy John Macy remained friends with Helen and Annie after the books publication. He found himself falling in love with Annie Sullivan, although she was 11 years his senior. Annie had feelings for him as well, but wouldnt accept his proposal until he assured her that Helen would always have a place in their home. They were married in May 1905 and the trio moved into a farmhouse in Massachusetts. The pleasant farmhouse was reminiscent of the home Helen had grown up in. Macy arranged a system of ropes out in the yard so that Helen could safely take walks by herself. Soon, Helen was at work on her second memoir, The World I Live In, with John Macy as her editor. By all accounts, although Helen and Macy were close in age and spent a lot of time together, they were never more than friends. An active member of the Socialist Party, John Macy encouraged Helen to read books on socialist and communist theory. Helen joined the Socialist Party in 1909 and she also supported the womens suffrage movement. Helens third book, a series of essays defending her political views, did poorly. Worried about their dwindling funds, Helen and Annie decided to go on a lecture tour. Helen and Annie Go on the Road Helen had taken speaking lessons over the years and had made some progress, but only those closest to her could understand her speech. Annie would need to interpret Helens speech for the audience. Another concern was Helens appearance. She was very attractive and always well dressed, but her eyes were obviously abnormal. Unbeknownst to the public, Helen had her eyes surgically removed and replaced by prosthetic ones prior to the start of the tour in 1913. Prior to this, Annie made certain that the photographs were always taken of Helens right profile because her left eye protruded and was obviously blind, whereas Helen appeared almost normal on the right side. The tour appearances consisted of a well-scripted routine. Annie spoke about her years with Helen and then Helen spoke, only to have Annie interpret what she had said. At the end, they took questions from the audience. The tour was successful, but exhausting for Annie. After taking a break, they went back on tour two more times. Annies marriage suffered from the strain as well. She and John Macy separated permanently in 1914. Helen and Annie hired a new assistant, Polly Thomson, in 1915, in an effort to relieve Annie of some of her duties. Helen Finds Love In 1916, the women hired Peter Fagan as a secretary to accompany them on their tour while Polly was out of town. After the tour, Annie became seriously ill and was diagnosed with tuberculosis. While Polly took Annie to a rest home in Lake Placid, plans were made for Helen to join her mother and sister Mildred in Alabama. For a brief time, Helen and Peter were alone together at the farmhouse, where Peter confessed his love for Helen and asked her to marry him. The couple tried to keep their plans a secret, but when they traveled to Boston to obtain a marriage license, the press obtained a copy of the license and published a story about Helens engagement. Kate Keller was furious and brought Helen back to Alabama with her. Although Helen was 36 years old at the time, her family was very protective of her and disapproved of any romantic relationship. Several times, Peter attempted to reunite with Helen, but her family would not let him near her. At one point, Mildreds husband threatened Peter with a gun if he did not get off his property. Helen and Peter were never together again. Later in life, Helen described the relationship as her little island of joy surrounded by dark waters. The World of Showbiz Annie recovered from her illness, which had been misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, and returned home. With their financial difficulties mounting, Helen, Annie, and Polly sold their house and moved to Forest Hills, New York in 1917. Helen received an offer to star in a film about her life, which she readily accepted. The 1920 movie, Deliverance, was absurdly melodramatic and did poorly at the box office. In dire need of a steady income, Helen and Annie, now 40 and 54 respectively, next turned to vaudeville. They reprised their act from the lecture tour, but this time they did it in glitzy costumes and full stage makeup, alongside various dancers and comedians. Helen enjoyed the theater, but Annie found it vulgar. The money, however, was very good and they stayed in vaudeville until 1924. American Foundation for the Blind That same year, Helen became involved with an organization that would employ her for much of the rest of her life. The newly-formed American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) sought a spokesperson and Helen seemed the perfect candidate. Helen Keller drew crowds whenever she spoke in public and became very successful at raising money for the organization. Helen also convinced Congress to approve more funding for books printed in braille. Taking time off from her duties at the AFB in 1927, Helen began work on another memoir, Midstream, which she completed with the help of an editor. Losing Teacher and Polly Annie Sullivans health deteriorated over several years time. She became completely blind and could no longer travel, leaving both women entirely reliant on Polly. Annie Sullivan died in October 1936 at the age of 70. Helen was devastated to have lost the woman whom she had known only as Teacher, and who had given so much to her. After the funeral, Helen and Polly took a trip to Scotland to visit Pollys family. Returning home to a life without Annie was difficult for Helen. Life was made easier when Helen learned that she would be taken care of financially for life by the AFB, which built a new home for her in Connecticut. Helen continued her travels around the world through the 1940s and 1950s accompanied by Polly, but the women, now in their 70s, began to tire of travel. In 1957, Polly suffered a severe stroke. She survived, but had brain damage and could no longer function as Helens assistant. Two caretakers were hired to come and live with Helen and Polly. In 1960, after spending 46 years of her life with Helen, Polly Thomson died. Later Years Helen Keller settled into a quieter life, enjoying visits from friends and her daily martini before dinner. In 1960, she was intrigued to learn of a new play on Broadway that told the dramatic story of her early days with Annie Sullivan. The Miracle Worker was a smash hit and was made into an equally popular movie in 1962. Death Strong and healthy all of her life, Helen became frail in her 80s. She suffered a stroke in 1961 and developed diabetes. On June 1, 1968, Helen Keller died in her home at the age of 87 following a heart attack. Her funeral service, held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., was attended by 1,200 mourners. Legacy Helen Keller was a groundbreaker in her personal and public lives. Becoming a writer and lecturer with Annie while blind and deaf was an enormous accomplishment. Helen Keller was the first deaf-blind individual to earn a college degree. She was an advocate for communities of people with disabilities in many ways, raising awareness through her lecture circuits and books and raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. Her political work included helping to found the American Civil Liberties Union and advocacy for increased funding for braille books and for womens suffrage. She met with every U.S. president from  Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Johnson. While she was still alive, in 1964, Helen received the highest honor awarded to a U.S. citizen, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, from President Lyndon Johnson. Helen Keller remains a source of inspiration to all people for her enormous courage overcoming the obstacles of being both deaf and blind and for her ensuing life of humanitarian selfless service. Sources: Herrmann, Dorothy. Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press, 1998. Keller, Helen. Midstream: My Later Life. Nabu Press, 2011.